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| Biosolution |
| Biosolutions is a repository of Biological animations and lectures. The aim of site is create knowledge base among the students community |
| Language: English |
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| Allergies & IgE Activation |
| 2012-02-06 03:48:00 |
Allergies are abnormal immune responses to allergens like pollen grains, dust, moulds and foodstuffs. Allergens cause abnormal production of immunoglobulin E (IgE). When the antigen makes contact with some part of the body, it is taken up, processed by Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) and presented on a Class II MHC to Helper cells. In the early stages of allergy, a type I hypersensitivity reaction against an allergen, encountered for the first time, causes a response in the T helper cells. These T helper cells produce cytokines which stimulate B-cells to produce large amount of IgE, which circulates in the blood and binds to an IgE-specific receptor on the surface of mast cells and basophils. During second exposure, antigen binds to the IgE antibodies on the mast cells, which undergo degranu...
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| Estrogen-Receptor Binding Mode Raloxifene |
| 2012-01-20 23:58:00 |
Raloxifene is an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has estrogenic actions on bone and anti-estrogenic actions on the uterus and breast. It is used in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It was announced on April 17, 2006, that raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing the incidence of breast cancer in certain high risk groups of females, though with a reduced risk of thromboembolic events and cataracts in patients taking raloxifene versus those taking tamoxifen. On September 14, 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced approval of raloxifene for reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive breast cancer.There has been criticism in t...
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| PAX3 gene |
| 2012-01-20 23:07:00 |
The official name of PAX3 gene is “paired box 3". The PAX3 gene belongs to a family of genes that plays a critical role in the formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development. The PAX gene family is also important for maintaining the normal function of certain cells after birth. To carry out these roles, the PAX genes provide instructions for making proteins that attach to specific areas of DNA. By attaching to critical DNA regions, these proteins help control the activity of particular genes. On the basis of this action, PAX proteins are called transcription factors.During embryonic development, the PAX3 gene is active in cells called neural crest cells. These cells migrate from the developing spinal cord to specific regions in the embryo. The protein made by the PAX3 gene ...
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| Implications of Embryonic Stem Cells for Cancer Research |
| 2012-01-19 23:29:00 |
James Alexander Thomson (born December 20, 1958, at Oak Park, Illinois, USA) is an American developmental biologist. He serves as director of regenerative biology at the Morgridge Institute for Research in Madison, Wisconsin, and is a professor at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. In 2007, he became an adjunct professor in the Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (MCDB) Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara.[ He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In the May 12, 2008, issue of TIME magazine, he was named one of 100 of the most influential people in the world. Subscribe in a readerIn this Frontiers in Cancer Research lecture from UCSB he explores current understanding how human embryonic cells can form any...
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| Anaphylaxis Mechanism of Action |
| 2012-01-19 23:24:00 |
Anaphylaxis is defined as "a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death".[1] It typically results in a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Common causes include insect bites, foods, and medications.On a pathophysiologic level, anaphylaxis is due to the release of mediators from certain types of white blood cells triggered either by immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms. It is diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms and signs. The primary treatment is injection of epinephrine, with other measures being complementary....
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| Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in Alzheimer's disease |
| 2012-01-18 11:12:00 |
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a small secreted protein that is important for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain target neurons (nerve cells). It also functions as a signaling molecule.[1][2] It is perhaps the prototypical growth factor, in that it is one of the first to be described. While "nerve growth factor" refers to a single factor,[3] "nerve growth factors" refers to a family of factors also known as neurotrophins.[4] Other members of the neurotrophin family that are well recognized include Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and Neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5).Function and mechanism of actionNGF is critical for the survival and maintenance of sympathetic and sensory neurons. Without it, these neurons undergo apoptosis.[5] Nerve growth factor cause...
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| Nicotine Receptors in the Brain |
| 2012-01-18 10:54:00 |
Your brain is the key player in nicotine's action. Like a computer, your brain processes, stores and uses information. In a computer, information travels in the form of electricity moving through wires; information transfer is a binary process, with switches being either "on" or "off." In your brain, neurons are the cells that transfer and integrate information. Each neuron has thousands of inputs from other neurons throughout the brain. Each of these signals is included in the calculation of whether or not the neuron will pass the signal it receives on to other neurons in the pathway....
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| How Hormones Work Animation |
| 2012-01-18 10:27:00 |
Hormones are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body. Only a small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. It is essentially a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones; plant hormones are also called phytohormones. Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood. Cells respond to a hormone when they express a specific receptor for that hormone. The hormone binds to the receptor protein, resulting in the activation of a signal transduction mechanism that ultimately leads to cell type-specific responses. Subscribe in a reader Endocrine hormone molecules are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine hormones (or ectohormones) ar...
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| Haplotypes Animation |
| 2012-01-18 08:00:00 |
Haplotype is a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a single chromatid that are statistically associated. It is thought that these associations, and the identification of a few alleles of a haplotype block, can unambiguously identify all other polymorphic sites in its region. Such information is very valuable for investigating the genetics behind common diseases, and is collected by the International HapMap Project. Subscribe in a reader An organism's genotype may not uniquely define its haplotype. For example, consider a diploid organism and two bi-allelic loci on the same chromosome such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). The first locus has alleles A and T with three possible genotypes AA, AT, and TT, the second locus having G and C, again giving three p...
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| Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II |
| 2012-01-18 07:38:00 |
DefinitionCarnitine palmitoyltransferase II, also known as CPT2, is a human gene also known has CPTASEChromosome: Chromosome 1Position:1p32 Size Of Gene: 17767 bp (53434689..53452455)No Exons 5DescriptionCarnitine palmitoyltransferase II precursor (CPT2) is a nuclear protein which is transported to the mitochondrial inner membrane. CPT2 together with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I oxidizes long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria. Defects in this gene are associated with mitochondrial long-chain fatty-acid (LCFA) oxidation disorders and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency.[ Disease:Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency is a condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats called long-chain fatty acids into energy, particularly during periods without ...
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