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Statistics |
| Unique Visitors: 84 |
| Total Unique Visitors: 154100 |
| Visitors Out: 272 |
| Total Visitors Out: 272 |
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| The Assyrians |
| 2008-08-31 02:05:00 |
Assyrian theology does not differ much from Babylonian. This is due to their common land (Mesopotamia), their common race (Semitic), and their common language (Akkadian).34 Not withstanding the conspicuous replacement of Marduk with Ashur (the Assyrian national god), the Assyrians worshiped the same pantheon as did the Babylonians. They also shared many of the same epics and myths,35 an example of which is the Creation Epic, Enuma Elish, where the Assyrians made only slight changes to the text but replaced Marduk with Ashur.The history of these two great empires may best be characterized as a “bitter struggle for supremacy.” At some times the Assyrians held political power and at others the Babylonians were supreme. For Assyria, this struggle reached its zenith under Ashurbanipal (c. 6...
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| The Babylonians |
| 2008-08-31 02:03:00 |
Both the Babylonians and the Assyrians grew out of Sumerian culture. Scholars recognize Babylonian history as beginning with the reign of Hammurabi (c. 1792-1750), “A Semitic state built on a Sumerian foundation.”Babylonian theology can be described as syncretistic.22 Although a large number of the Sumerian gods lost their significance, the Babylonians took up many others and merged them into their religious system. “In the national cults the great gods of the Sumerian pantheon were equated with parallel Semitic gods. The polytheistic view of the ancients allowed them to accept the gods of other nations.”23 For example, the Sumerian god Utu (the sun god) came to be known as Shamash to the Babylonians, who continued to worship him as the god of law and justice.24 Enki transferred ov...
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| The Sumerians (Near East) |
| 2008-08-31 01:52:00 |
The ancient Sumerian culture is believed to be one of the “earliest high civilizations.” Along with several Semitic peoples, the Sumerians settled in the ancient land of Mesopotamia. They believed in an immense polytheistic system of gods. The four chief gods of the Sumerians were An, the sky/heaven god; Enlil, the god of the air/atmosphere/wind; Enki, the god of water also the god of wisdom; and Ninhursag, the goddess of the stony ground (the mother-goddess).These chief gods of the Sumerians along with others of their incestuous, anthropomorphic pantheon were believed to control and order the universe (the an-ki)10 through means of a divine power known as me. Me was infused into the various elements of creation and controlled them according to the divine plan;11 thus, “Maintaining a...
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| Kheprer or Khepri |
| 2008-08-31 01:44:00 |
Kheprer, whose emblem is pictured. This interpretation sees the insect as a scarab (a flying, biting beetle), which was Kheprer’s symbol. Kheprer was the god of resurrection in ancient Egypt. Scarabs cleaned up dung from various places in temples, etc. They would form the dung into round balls, which would then be rolled back into their holes. From this, the Egyptians inferred that a giant beetle rolled the sun back into its hole. Thus the scarab became an emblem of the sun, and of the resurrection that the sun enjoyed every day. Kheprer was this god, depicted as a beetle.KheprerIn one version of the Heliopolis creation story Atum (or Atum- Kheprer), the creator god, speaks of his primacy and sovereignty, “I am Atum when I was alone in Nun; I am Re in his (first) appearance, when he began to rule that which he had made.”
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| Women in Ancient Egypt |
| 2008-08-30 16:54:00 |
While women worked with the men, played with the men, achieved positions of power in common with the men and, in many ways, proved that they were the equals, if not the superiors, of the men, the majority of the women, for most of the time, appear to have been considered as adjuncts to, and objects of delight for the men.When a lord and lady were being entertained, they sat together, both richly dressed, both waited upon by servants and both enjoying the spectacles, the music and the food. However, in most cases the servants were usually women, nude or scantily-clad women; the entertainers were most often women, again scantily-clad or naked, and the setting seems designed more for the delectation of the men than of the pair.There is little evidence of the ladies indulging in strenuous spor...
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| Monastery of Saint Catherine |
| 2008-05-01 11:34:00 |
During the Middle Ages, the monastery of Saint Catherine of Mount Sinai was a pilgrimage centre of great importance for the Christian world. The 6th century foundation by Justinian was established in the environs of the place where, according to the Scriptures, Moses had seen the burning bramblebush, received the Tables of the Law and made water spring forth for the people of Israel. But for Christians it stood out, above all, as the place to which angels had taken the body of Saint Catherine after her martyrdom in the city of Alexandria. The importance of that cult was such that towards the 11th century the monastery changed its original name of the Transfiguration (Metamorphosis) to that of Saint Catherine. The interest awoken by the miraculous saint ...
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| Archive |
| 2008-01-04 09:12:00 |
IntroductionWho were the Hyksos?Pesian InvasionGreek InvasionRoman InvasionArabs ConquerorsTurkish InvasionFrench Invasion(French Occupation)British InvasionGeography of Ancient EgyptGift of The NileMaps of EgyptPhotos From Egypt (Aswan)The periods of Egyptian HistoryThe Hyksos InvasionEgypt under the HyksosChampollionRosetta StoneHieroglyphDaily Life In Ancient EgyptEgyptians JewelryThe PyramidsGods of Ancient EgyptPeriod of Ptolemaic and Roman (332 BC-4th century ...New Kingdom (CA. 1550-1070 B.C.)In the dynasty 18 ...Middle Kingdom (CA. 2040-1640 B.C.)Old Kingdom (CA. 2650-2150 B.C.)Period of PredynasticHistory of Ancient Egypt
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| History of Ancient Egypt |
| 2007-11-30 13:06:00 |
Egypt has often been called “the gift of the Nile”, and with good reason. The Nile, the longest river in the world,13 winds its way north from the mountains in east central Africa on up to the Mediterranean Sea. Every year (until more sophisticated dams and irrigation sluices were built in the mid-19th century), rainfall in the tropical belt and the summer monsoons of Ethiopia14 caused the Nile to flood. The maximum territorial extent of EgyptAs it flowed, it picked up rich soil from central Africa and deposited it on the banks of its valley in Egypt, and its delta at the Mediterranean. This produced a layer of excellent topsoil which gave the ancient Egyptians their agriculture and thus their life. It is because of ...
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| Period of Predynastic |
| 2007-11-30 13:05:00 |
Prehistory Predynastic Period (late 6th-late 4th millennium B.C.)From early agricultural communities to urban settlements. Distinct differences between Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt, with the latter, in the earliest phases, showing affinities with North African cultures on the one side and western Asiatic on the other.From Predynastic PeriodTwo broad phases of history in Predynastic Egypt are observed, and they are named after the town of Naqada, in Upper Egypt between Abydos and Thebes, where artifacts from both phaseswere found in distinct excavations. Naqada I culture has small-scale village agriculture and not a very complex large-scale social system. This culture had developed well-made stone tools and fine earthenware pottery, but no evidence indicates relations with pe...
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| Old Kingdom (CA. 2650-2150 B.C.) |
| 2007-11-30 13:03:00 |
In the dynasty 3 The first major stone monument of Egypt, King Djoser’s step pyramid (designed by architect Imhotep), built at Saqqara. In the dynasty 4 Pyramids of Snefru at Meidum and Dahshur. Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure built at Giza. The sphinx cut from living rock at the side of Khafre’s valley temple. Pyramids of GizaIn the dynasty 5 Mastaba tombs for royal officials at Saqqara and Giza continue from Dynasty 4, decorated with reliefs depicting scenes from daily life. Kings build pyramids (at Abusir) and sun temples. Trade with the Levant (Byblos) in sea-going ships.In the dynasty 6 Pyramids of kings at Saqqara; burial chambers since King Unas (last king of Dynasty 5) are inscribed with spells (“pyramid texts”) to help king achieve rebirth in the afterlife.Dynast...
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| Middle Kingdom (CA. 2040-1640 B.C.) |
| 2007-11-30 13:01:00 |
Begin of The Middle Kingdom: In the Late of dynasty 11 King Mentuhotep II of Upper Egypt reunites the country with capital at Thebes. Monumental building projects resume in Upper Egypt, as does trade with nearby lands.In the dynasty 12 one of the great periods of Egyptian art and literature (“portraits” of kings and texts such as “The Story of Sinuhe,” "The Eloquent Peasant,” wisdom texts,” etc.). First king, Amenemhat I, relocates capital to the north at El Lisht. His pyramid and that of his son (Senwosret I) built at Lisht according to Old Kingdom prototypes.Later pyramids at Dahshur, Illahun, and Hawara. In the Faiyum new land made available for cultivation through irrigation. Lower Nubia conquered and forts built at the second cataract. Im...
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| New Kingdom (CA. 1550-1070 B.C.)In the dynasty 18 king Ahmose reconquers Memphis and destroys Avaris, ending the Hyksos rule. Thutmosis I reconquers N |
| 2007-11-30 12:59:00 |
In the dynasty 18 king Ahmose reconquers Memphis and destroys Avaris, ending the Hyksos rule. Thutmosis I reconquers Nubia, which becomes a colony of Egypt. Hatshepsut, important female ruler, sponsors fine works of art and architecture (Temple of Deir el-Bahri). Beginning with Thutmosis III, Egypt becomes an empire controlling large parts of the Near East as well as Nubia. Time of a luxurious royal court with international tastes, especially under Amenhotep III.Statue of Ahmose IIn the Amarna period Akhenaten and Nefertiti break with the traditional religion in favor of the sole worship of the Aten (light). During their reign distinctive art is created and literature reflects a version of the language nearer to that actually spoken. Tutankhamun restores ...
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| Period of Ptolemaic and Roman (332 BC-4th century A.D.) |
| 2007-11-30 12:58:00 |
In the dynasty 25 Kushite rulers from Nubia invade and reunite Egypt. This drive from the south once again revives Egyptian art and architecture: great funeral “palaces” of high officials in Thebes; individualized images of high officials and Kushite kings. Assyrians invade and end Kushite rule over Egypt. In the dynasty 26 Assyrians withdraw. Kings from Sais in the delta rule Egypt. Greek settlements grow in significance; role of Greek mercenaries in king’s army crucial. Important period of art: classicism and archaism. In the dynasty 27 Achaemenid Persians (who also threaten Greek city-states) invade Egypt and rule. Achaemenid EmpireFrom dynasty 28 to 30 last native rulers repel Persians. Dynasty 30 is brief (380-343 B.C.) but important period for Egyptian assertion of identity; in...
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| Gods of Ancient Egypt |
| 2007-11-30 12:58:00 |
The ancient Egyptians believed in many different gods and goddesses, each one with their own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony across the land.Some gods and goddesses took part in creation, some brought the flood every year, some offered protection, and some took care of people after they died. Others were either local gods who represented towns, or minor gods who represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to recognise and worship these gods and goddesses so that life continued smoothly. The origins of Egyptian religion, like the origins of most things Egyptian, can only be deduced second-hand from ...
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| The Pyramids |
| 2007-11-30 12:57:00 |
Most of the Egyptians pyramids built in the old kingdom and the middle kingdom.The pyramids developed from earlier buildings known today as mastabas (mastaba is the Arabic word for “step”). A mastaba was a large rectangular structure with steeply sloping sides, under which a Pharaoh would be buried. These were the first large stone buildings in Egypt. The Great Pyramids of GizaThe next stage of development came with a series of renovations to the mastaba of Zoser. It was originally a large rectangular building of one level, but was extended several times, both by increasing the length of the short sides to make it square, and by adding levels on top. When the renovations were complete, the result was the step pyramid of Zoser. The inspiration for this development was probably Egyptian ...
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| Egyptians Jewelry |
| 2007-11-30 12:56:00 |
Design a piece of jewelry that could have been presented to Nefertiti, Tiy, or Nefertari by her pharaoh husband in recognition of her contributions to his reign and as a token of his affection for her. Keep in mind important gods/goddesses and images when designing the piece of jewelry. Do a color drawing or diagram of the piece or create a model of the piece using assorted craft supplies. Write a one to two paragraph description of the piece you have designed and how it is representative of the queen for whom it was designed.Think about some women from modern history who have roles similar to those of Nefertiti, Tiy, and Nefertari. Create a list of these women and their contributions, then make a graphic organizer that illustrates the similarities and di...
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| Daily Life In Ancient Egypt |
| 2007-11-30 12:55:00 |
| Specialized Jobs· Food surpluses let people do jobs other than farm· Scribes wrote and kept records· Some artisans built stone and brick houses and temples· Others made pottery, furniture, clothing, jewelry· Some Egyptians traded with other Africans on upper Nile· scrolls, linen, gold, jewelry traded for woods, skins, animalsMore about farmers in ancient Egypt Rulers and Priests· Government divided empire into 42 provinces, created army· Priest was one of highest jobs—performed rituals, cared for temples· Together priests and the ruler held ceremonies to please the gods· Believed if gods happy, Nile would flood, crops would growMore about the priests in ancient EgyptSlaves
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| Hieroglyph |
| 2007-11-30 12:53:00 |
THE idea long prevailed that the hieroglyphic characters were ideographic i.e. that they represented ideas, not sounds; and any attempt at decipherment was hopeless. Before the end of last century, however, a hint had been thrown out that the characters might prove to be ' phonetic i.e. representing sounds like the letters of our ordinary alphabets. Part of Ani's papyrusAnd a further suggestion had been offered that the words enclosed within ovals might be the names of royal personages. But unless some means existed of comparing those names with the same names written in a known language, not a single hieroglyph could be read. The discovery of the Rosetta stone in 1799 supplied the means required. On that stone was engraved an inscription in three characters the hieroglyphic, the demotic ...
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| Rosetta Stone |
| 2007-11-30 12:52:00 |
For fourteen centuries, no one knew how to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. Virtually all understanding of this mysterious script had been lost since the 4th century AD. The breakthrough of the hieroglyphs came in 1799, a year after Napoleon's armies successfully captured the Egyptian Nile Delta. A French soldier, while working at a fort on the Rosetta branch of the Nile River, found a black basalt stone slab carved with inscriptions that would change the course of Egyptology. The Rosetta StoneThe Rosetta Stone (now in the British Museum) was carved with an inscription in three different scripts: Egyptian hieroglyphs at the top, demotic script (a late cursive form of hieroglyphs) in the middle, and Greek at the bottom. The translation of the Greek passage revealed that the inscription was a roya...
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| Champollion |
| 2007-11-30 12:51:00 |
A French Orientalist, born at Figeac, Lot, 23 December, 1790; died in Paris, 4 March, 1832. While still young, he studied Hebrew, Syriac, Ethiopic and Arabic, to which he added later on, Persian, Sanskrit, and in particular Coptic. His special field of activity was Egyptology, and his great glory is to have recovered the key for the understanding of the hieroglyphs. Jean-François ChampollionIn 1807 he read before the Academy of Grenoble an introduction to a complete description of Egypt under the Pharaohs. The publication of the main work was begun in 1814 under the title "L'Egypte sous les Pharaons"; only the first two volumes, bearing on geography, were issued. His efforts to decipher the hieroglyphics began in 1808. By means of the triple inscription of the Rosetta Stone, he succeeded ...
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| Egypt under the Hyksos |
| 2007-10-24 08:31:00 |
The Hyksos tolerance of rival claimants to the land, Eventually, beginning in the 15th Dynasty would spell their expulsion by the end of the 17th Dynasty, beginning with the reign of king Kamose. By now, the baleful experience of foreign rule had done much to shatter the traditional Egyptian mindset of superiority in both culture and the security of the Egyptian state in the face of external threats. Egypt, Yet, would eventually benefit considerably from their experience of foreign rule, and it has been suggested that the Hyksos rule of Egypt was far less damaging then later 18th Dynasty records would lead us to believe.It would make Egypt a stronger country, with a much more viable military. Because of Egypt's strength and ability to isolate and defense he...
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| The Hyksos Invasion |
| 2007-10-24 08:02:00 |
The Hyksos were an important influence on Egyptian history, particularly at the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. Most of what we know of the nature of the Hyksos depends upon written sources (of the Egyptians), such as the Rhind Papyrus. Also of considerable importance is the systematic excavation of their capital, Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a). Aamu was the contemporary term used to distinguish the people of Avaris, the Hyksos capital in Egypt, from Egyptians। Egyptologists conventionally translate aamu as "asiatics" The Jewish historian, Josephus, in his Contra Apionem, claims that Manetho was the first to use the Greek term, Hyksos, incorrectly translated as "shepherd-kings". Contemporary Egyptians during the Hyksos invasion designated them as ...
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| The periods of Egyptian History |
| 2007-10-24 07:05:00 |
We can divided the famous races which invaded Egypt into 8 states :The Hyksos InvasionPersian InvasionGreek InvasionRoman InvasionArabs ConquerorsTurkish InvasionFrench Invasion (French Occupation)British InvasionBooks about the Egyptian history and divided the periods of this history available for free at GutenbergHistory of Egypt From 330 B.C. To the Present Time (Volume 11)The Treasury of Ancient EgyptHistory of Egypt, Chaldæa, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria in the Light of RecentHistory of Egypt, Chaldæa, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, (12 Volumes)Picture for the various ages of Egypt history List of Egyptian pyramids
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| Photos From Egypt (Aswan) |
| 2007-10-20 18:43:00 |
Photo from Aswan and its monuments Aswan : Beautiful City in Uper Egypt. It have many monuments, The high dam, The temple of Edfu, The temple of Philai, The tomb of nobles, The temple of Kom Ombo, Elephantine Island, The temple of Abu Simbel List of Egypt pyramids
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| Maps of Egypt |
| 2007-10-20 16:50:00 |
Various maps of Egypr history and geography.Political map of Egypt 1990Country Map of Egypt Map of Administrarive Divisions Egypt Area Comparison Egypt Economic ActivityEgypt Land UseEgypt in 1450Map of the NileMore maps of Egypt The famous Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
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| Gift of The Nile |
| 2007-10-12 19:20:00 |
Sitting on the other end of the Fertile Crescent from Mesopotamia lies the Nile River and the home to the world’s greatest ancient civilization. Like all the early civilizations, Egypt began around 3000 B.C.E. The first farmers chose the Nile for the river and its life-giving floods. If you look at a map you’ll see that Egypt lies at the eastern edge of the Sahara desert. When the Nile flooded it brought life, when it didn’t flood, as it would do on rare occasion, it meant death and starvation. The Nile was Egypt as without it, Egypt does not exist. Therefore Egypt is often called “the gift of the Nile.”Classic Egyptian civilization, initially, was confined to an extremely narrow band of river valley approximately 750 miles long, from the point where the Nile breaks through the b...
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| Geography of Ancient Egypt |
| 2007-10-12 16:34:00 |
The desert and the Nile River emerged when the ancient sea that covered most of Europe and northern Africa 45 million years ago shifted, forming the Mediterranean Sea basin. This shift occurred when the earth’s plates moved, creating the Himalayas and the Alps. As the Mediterranean basin sank to a much lower level than it is today, the Nile rushed down to it from the Ethiopian highlands. Over thousands of years, it evolved into its present shape. Fossils from the ancient sea can still be found throughout Egypt.The Nile RiverThe northern region of Egypt is surrounded by two deserts, the mountainous Eastern, or Arabian, Desert and the sandy Western, or Libyan, Desert. In ancient times, the Egyptians called the desert the ...
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| British Invasion |
| 2007-09-23 21:21:00 |
The Age of IsmailThe reign of Ismail, from 1863 to 1879, was for a while hailed as a new era into modern Egypt. He attempted vast schemes of reform, but these coupled with his personal extravagance led to bankruptcy, and the later part of his reign is historically important simply for its compelling European intervention in the internal affairs of Egypt.Yet in its earlier years much was done which seemed likely to give Ismail a more important place in history. In 1866 he was granted by the sultan a firman obtained on condition of the increase of the tribute from 376,000 to 720,000. This made the succession to the throne of Egypt descend to the eldest of the male children and in the same manner to the eldest sons of these successors, instead of to the eldest male of the family, following t...
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| French Invasion (French Occupation) |
| 2007-09-23 21:20:00 |
The ostensible object of the French expedition to Egypt was to reinstate the authority of the Sublime Porte, and suppress the Mamelukes; and in the proclamation printed with the Arabic types brought from the Propaganda press, and issued shortly after the taking of Alexandria, Bonaparte declared that he reverenced the prophet Muhammad and the Qur'an far more than the Mamelukes reverenced either, and argued that all men were equal except so far as they were distinguished by their intellectual and moral excellences, of neither of which the Mamelukes had any great share. In future all posts in Egypt were to be open to all classes of the inhabitants; the conduct of affairs was to be committed to the men of talent, virtue, and learning; and in proof of the statement that the French were sincere...
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| Turkish Invasion |
| 2007-09-23 21:20:00 |
History of Ottoman EgyptIn 1517 Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control. It remained dominated by the semi-autonomous Mameluks until it was conquered by the French in 1798. After the French were expelled it was ruled by the Albanian Muhammad Ali of Egypt and his descendants who pulled Egypt even further out of Ottoman control. This lasted until 1882 when the British invaded and Egypt became a de facto colony of Britain.Early Turkish PeriodAfter the conquest of Egypt the Ottoman sultan Selim I left the country, leaving his viceroy Khair Bey with a guard of 5000 janissaries, but otherwise made few changes in the administration of the country. The country was regraded as a vassal state, not a province, of the empire....
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